Query: NC_009925:4997000 Acaryochloris marina MBIC11017, complete genome
Lineage: Acaryochloris marina; Acaryochloris; ; Chroococcales; Cyanobacteria; Bacteria
General Information: Acaryochloris marina MBIC11017 was isolated from algae from the coast of the Palau Islands in the western Pacific. Marine cyanobacterium. Acaryochloris marina was first isolated as an epiphyte of algae. M. marina been isolated from a variety of habitats and locations, usually associated with algae but also as free-living organisms. This cyanobacterium produces an atypical photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll d, as the major reactive agent. The oxygenic photosynthesis based on this pigment may have evolved as an acclimatization to far-red light environments, or an as intermediate between the red-absorbing oxygenic and the far-red-absorbing anoxygenic photosynthesis that uses bacteriochlorophylls. Because of the unusual ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll d in this organism, it has been used as a model to study the spectrographic characteristics of the two pigments.
Subject: NC_009089:1 Clostridium difficile 630, complete genome
Lineage: Peptoclostridium difficile; Peptoclostridium; Peptostreptococcaceae; Clostridiales; Firmicutes; Bacteria
General Information: This strain is the epidemic type X variant that has been extensively studied in research and clinical laboratories. It produces both toxin A, and B. Causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis. This genus comprises about 150 metabolically diverse species of anaerobes that are ubiquitous in virtually all anoxic habitats where organic compounds are present, including soils, aquatic sediments and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans. This shape is attributed to the presence of endospores that develop under conditions unfavorable for vegetative growth and distend single cells terminally or sub-terminally. Spores germinate under conditions favorable for vegetative growth, such as anaerobiosis and presence of organic substrates. It is believed that present day Mollicutes (Eubacteria) have evolved regressively (i.e., by genome reduction) from gram-positive clostridia-like ancestors with a low GC content in DNA. Some species are capable of producing organic solvents (acetone, ethanol, etc,), molecular hydrogen and other useful compounds. This species is now recognized as the major causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis (inflammation of the colon) and diarrhea that may occur following antibiotic treatment. This bacterium causes a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from mild, self-limiting diarrhea to serious diarrhea and, in some cases, complications such as pseudomembrane formation, toxic megacolon (dilation of the colon) and peritonitis, which often lead to lethality among patients. The bacteria produce high molecular mass polypeptide cytotoxins, A and B. Some strains produce only one of the toxins, others produce both. Toxin A causes inflammatory reaction involving hypersecretion of fluid and hemorrhagic necrosis through triggering cytokine release by neutrophils. Alteration of intestinal microbial balance with antibiotic therapy and increased exposure to the bacterium in a hospital setting allows C. difficile to colonize susceptible individuals. Moreover, it has been shown that subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics promote increased toxin production by C. difficile.