Query: NC_011985:194973 Agrobacterium radiobacter K84 chromosome 1, complete genome Lineage: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Agrobacterium; Rhizobiaceae; Rhizobiales; Proteobacteria; Bacteria General Information: This strain has been developed for worldwide commercial use to control crown gall. This species is used commercially to control crown gall, a tumorogenic plant disease caused by the ubiquitous soil-borne pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which affects susceptible woody plants worldwide. The pathogen is responsible for nursery and orchard losses among stone fruit trees, grapes, apples, pears, nut trees, caneberries, clematis, hops, kiwifruit, persimmons, roses and many ornamental annuals, trees and shrubs. Infected plants are usually weakened and unproductive due to their damaged root system.
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General Information: This strain is one of the first vancomycin-resistant strains isolated. This isolate came from a blood culture derived from a chronically-infected patient in 1987 from Barnes Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. This strain was found to lack the cytolysin gene and a surface adhesin, Esp, that contributes to urinary tract infections. Mobile genetic elements make up one quarter of the genome. This genera consists of organisms typically found in the intestines of mammals, although through fecal contamination they can appear in sewage, soil, and water. They cause a number of infections that are becoming increasingly a problem due to the number of antibiotic resistance mechanisms these organisms have picked up. Both Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium cause similar diseases in humans, and are mainly distinguished by their metabolic capabilities. This opportunistic pathogen can cause urinary tract infections, bacteremia (bacteria in the blood), and infective endocarditis (inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart), similar to infections caused by Enterococcus faecium. Hospital-acquired infections from this organism are on the rise due to the emergence of antiobiotic resistance strains. Enterococcus faecalis produces a cytolysin toxin that is encoded on various mobile genetic elements, pathogenicity islands, and conjugative plasmids. The cytolysin aids in pathogenesis, possibly by causing destruction of cells such as erythrocytes, which allows access to new nutrients for the organism.