Query: NC_009655:866281 Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z chromosome, complete genome Lineage: Actinobacillus succinogenes; Actinobacillus; Pasteurellaceae; Pasteurellales; Proteobacteria; Bacteria General Information: Succinate-producing bacterium. Originally isolated from bovine rumen, this species is one of the most promising succinate producers known. It can utilize a variety of sugars and produce a very high volume of succinate, which is used by the pharmaceutical industry. This organism has been improved over time by growth on fermentable carbon and sodium monofluoroacetate and selection of fluoroacetate-resistant mutants which have a higher succinate yield. The succinate yield has also been improved via a metabolic engineering approach, by cloning and overproducing the PEP-carboxykinase gene which catalyzes the addition of carbon dioxide to PEP to form oxalacetate and can work physiologically in both directions
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General Information: This strain was isolated on Trinidad and Tobago. It is a symbiont of the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Bioluminescent bacterium. This organism is unusual in that it is symbiotic within one insect, and pathogenic in another, the only organism that is known to exhibit this dual phenotype. Enzymes are then released by the bacteria that result in rapid degradation of the insect body, allowing both bacteria and nematode to feed and reproduce. During this period Photorhabdus luminescens releases bacteriocidal products, including antibiotics and bacteriocins, that prevent infection of the larva by competitive microbes. The result is promotion of Photorhabdus luminescens-nematode interactions that result in continuation of the symbiotic relationship. In order to engage in a symbiotic relationship with the nematode and a pathogenic one with the insect larva, the bacterium encodes specific factors that encourage both. These include a large number of genes that code for secreted toxins and enzymes, as well as genes that encode products for the production of antibiotics and bacteriocins. Secretion of these products occurs by an array of systems including type I, type II, and type III secretion systems. The type III system is closely related to the Yersinia plasmid-encoded type III system. Genes that promote symbiotic relationships are also encoded on genomic islands on the chromosome including some that affect nematode development. Virulence genes appear to be active during exponential growth. Symbiotic genes appear to function during stationary phase (post-exponential) growth. The switch from one state to another is controlled. Photorhabdus luminescens is capable of giving off light, a complex process that requires the products of the lux operon.