Query: NC_008314:1465643 Ralstonia eutropha H16 chromosome 2, complete sequence Lineage: Cupriavidus necator; Cupriavidus; Burkholderiaceae; Burkholderiales; Proteobacteria; Bacteria General Information: This strain (ATCC 17699; H16), formerly Alcaligenes eutrophus was originally isolated from sludge. Cupriavidus necator also known as Ralstonia eutropha is a soil bacterium with diverse metabolic abilities. Strains of this organism are resistant to high levels of copper or are able to degrade chloroaromatic compounds such as halobenzoates and nitrophenols making them useful for bioremediation. Other strains have been studied for their ability to produce polyhydroxybutyrates which have industrial application. Another strain is able to attack other bacteria and fungi when nutrients in the soil are low.
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General Information: This strain is the symbiont of the aphid Schizaphis graminum and contains a large circular chromosome. Aphid endosymbiont. Almost all aphids contain maternally transmitted bacteriocyte cells, which themselves contain bacteria called Buchnera. The aphids live on a restricted diet (plant sap), rich in carbohydrates, but poor in nitrogenous or other essential compounds. It is believed that the Buchnera provide the essential nutrients the host lacks. Besides a nutritional co-dependence, due to a co-existence of millions of years, Buchnera have lost the ability to produce cell surface components such as lipopolysaccharides. This makes for an obligate endosymbiont relationship between host and Buchnera. Buchnera are prokaryotic cells which belong to the gamma-Proteobacteria, closely related to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Phylogenetic studies using 16S rRNA indicate that the symbiotic relationship was established around 200-250 million years ago. Since Buchnera are closely related to Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae, comparative genomic studies can shed light on the evolutionary mechanisms of intracellular endosymbiosis as well as the different underlying molecular basis between organisms with parasitic behavior and symbionts.