Query: NC_007168:2448422 Staphylococcus haemolyticus JCSC1435, complete genome Lineage: Staphylococcus haemolyticus; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcaceae; Bacillales; Firmicutes; Bacteria General Information: Staphylococcus haemolyticus JCSC1435 was isolated from a Japanese inpatient at Juntendo Hospital, Tokyo, in 2000. This strain is a highly resistant strain which has been shown to generate spontaneous antibiotic sensitive mutants. Causes opportunistic infections in humans. Staphylcocci are generally found inhabiting the skin and mucous membranes of mammals and birds. Some members of this genus can be found as human commensals and these are generally believed to have the greatest pathogenic potential in opportunistic infections. Staphylococcus haemolyticus was originally isolated from human skin and traditionally considered to be a nonpathogenic commensal. Recently this organism has been recognized as a pathogen in animals and humans. It is known to be involved in opportunistic infections associated with the implantation of foreign bodies, paticularly in those with compromised immune systems. Resistance to multiple antibiotics has been observed in clinical isolates and it is possible S. haemolyticus could serve a donor or resistance genes to other more virulent staphlococci.
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General Information: This genera consists of organisms typically found in the intestines of mammals, although through fecal contamination they can appear in sewage, soil, and water. They cause a number of infections that are becoming increasingly a problem due to the number of antibiotic resistance mechanisms these organisms have picked up. Both Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium cause similar diseases in humans, and are mainly distinguished by their metabolic capabilities. This opportunistic pathogen causes a range of infections similar to those observed with Enterococcus faecalis, including urinary tract infections, bacteremia (bacteria in the blood), and infective endocarditis (inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart). Hospital-acquired infections from this organism are on the rise due to the emergence of antiobiotic resistance strains and has led to the rise of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains due to the horizontal transfer of Enterococcus antibiotic resistance genes. Little is known about the virulence mechanisms in this organism, but the genome does encode an esp gene for the surface adhesin. Vancomycin resistant isolates are more typically Enterococcus faecium than Enterococcus faecalis.