Query: NC_004842:62000 Anaplasma marginale str. St. Maries, complete genome Lineage: Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasma; Anaplasmataceae; Rickettsiales; Proteobacteria; Bacteria General Information: This strain was recovered from an acutely infected cow from Northern Idaho, USA and bears an msp1a genotype of JBB. This strain is transmitted by ticks and is known to be virulent. This organism is the causative agent of bovine anaplasmosis and is an obligate intracellular pathogen. Transmission occurs via an arthropod vector (tick) and is a major problem in tropical regions where it causes severe morbidity in cattle populations. The bacterium lives intracellularly within membrane-bound vesicles in the host erythrocyte, a cell type which it specifically targets, resulting in severe anemia for the host organism.
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General Information: This strain was isolated from a case of infant botulism in Kyoto, Japan in 1978. This organism produces one of the most potent and deadly neurotoxins known, a botulinum toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, thereby inhibiting muscle contraction and causing paralysis. In most cases the diseased person dies of asphyxiation as a result of paralysis of chest muscles involved in breathing. The spores are heat-resistant and can survive in inadequately heated, prepared, or processed foods. Spores germinate under favorable conditions (anaerobiosis and substrate-rich environment) and bacteria start propagating very rapidly, producing the toxin.Botulinum toxin, and C. botulinum cells, has been found in a wide variety of foods, including canned ones. Almost any food that has a high pH (above 4.6) can support growth of the bacterium. Honey is the most common vehicle for infection in infants. Food poisoning through C. botulinum is the most frequent type of infection caused by this bacterium. The wound botulism that occurs when C. botulinum infects an individual via an open wound is much rarer and is very similar to tetanus disease. There are several types of botulinum toxin known (type A through type F), all of them being neurotoxic polypeptides. The most common and widely distributed are strains and serovars of C. botulinum that produce type A toxin.